The United States government’s recent acknowledgment of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) has prompted renewed interest in their national security implications. While much attention has focused on the aerospace implications of UAP, the potential health security dimensions remain underexplored. This paper examines assertions in recent UAP legislation, considers hypothetical health threats linked to UAP based on prior reported incidents, discusses the challenges in detecting and managing anomalous health threats in general, and recommends strategies to improve US preparedness for these low-probability, high-consequence scenarios.